Knowledge managementl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information managementl - Essay Example Development Industry has started to understand that it bodes well to discover sub-contractual workers for parts of their work and influence on their work to reveal an at long last packaged up item. Redistributing of assembling can assist organizations with concentrating of territories of capability while an a similar time guaranteeing that the other related errands are being taken care of with essential expertise and abilities. A great deal of imaginative abilities are required so as to accomplish fruitful systems of fitness that convey a significant expense and long length development venture. The advancement is nearly required at each point an issue is experienced in an unpredictable development venture. Information and its fitting administration adds to the reason for advancement on the straightforward rationale that a superior information delivers better arrangements. This paper looks at these the two angles in UK development industry milieu at some length. ... So as to fill in as a representation a huge measured state development exertion in US can be refered to as beneath: By and large, the Department of Finance and Administration's Bureau of Building fills in as the development program director for state development ventures in Mississippi. The Bureau of Building speaks to the interests of the element and activities free oversight of the expert temporary worker and constructor group (i.e., general contractual worker and sub-temporary workers). The Bureau of Building, proficient group, constructor group, and a structure authorizing specialist, when material, enter a legally binding relationship for a venture. The Bureau of Building practices direct oversight of modelers, engineers, building charging specialists and other agreement experts, while it performs backhanded management of the development temporary workers through the essential expert contractual worker and the structure dispatching operator. Since the agency doesn't have the in-house ability to play out a portion of the plan and development assignments that some private development program su pervisors can give, it might utilize engineers, contract examiners, draftsmen, or development venture chairmen to oversee and screen ventures. The department has power to force adherence to contract determinations and calendars, applying approvals to firms or people inside the constructor group that don't satisfy their responsibilities(Joint,2005). The above is a run of the mill case of a development the board circumstance in rather calm and organized legislative circumstance though the US development industry's private part was unmistakably increasingly powerful and inventive. Development the board had a genuine promising start in the US. In the arrangement of obtainment under

Juan Bolivar Soto Essays - Speculative Fiction,

Juan Bolivar Soto Mr. Budhram Pre-AP World Literature February 2017 Managing New Beginnings Lian Hearn is an Australian creator, dazzled by the Japanese culture since exceptionally youthful. Entranced by the various conventions, Hearn had the chance to learn numerous parts of the motivating human advancement once she visited Japan in 1993. All through her book, Over the Nightingale Floor, she depicts these landscapes and conventions utilizing a few strict gadgets to portray the occasions and detail anecdotal pictures of the circumstances occurring for the peruser. Enduring a mass homicide upon your town isn't a simple undertaking, starting from the very beginning once more? Significantly harder. In the account the principle character, Takeo, disentangles his dread yet assurance to turn into the new man he needed to befit, through despondency and distress, valiance is appeared just as desire to seek after enormity among the Otori and retaliate for the homicides upon his past area. The story starts with the hero Tomasu, later known as Takeo, whom creates uplifted faculties of hearing and interchange controls in the wake of losing his because of the separating abuse defended by the degenerate methods of ruler Ida Sadamu. His area being the most remarkable of the 3 tribes: Ida, Otori and Noguchi, gains power through coldblooded victory, fights and torments. Takeo depressed, and loaded with distress is spared by Lord Otori whom discovers him bewildered in the forested areas running from Ida's men those which sought after him from making their ruler tumble off his pony. Declining to relinquish the criminal Otori takes Tomasu in allowing him to begin another life as an individual from the Otori Clan, change his name and convictions with the chance to retaliate for his family. Lian Hearn, the writer of the book, utilizes symbolism to speak to the view and intense hearing Takeo encounters during the creation of his new unwound self. During the movement to the Hagi Village where the Otori live, they go through different towns and mountains where Takeo depicts the view through symbolism and figurative examination. This is executed as a method of engaging our faculties while in detail depicting the newly discovered capacities he finds and tests during his stay in every last one of the towns. Through the story, Takeo can hear sounds, for example, water tumbling from far away, feathered creatures trilling high up in the sky, the applauding of fish swimming on the outside of lakes miles away and most precisely the voice of hirelings and house cleaner's rooms away yet with a similar quality as though they were murmuring their discussions right onto the sides of his ears. The creator additionally applies representation to portray the forces Takeo gets after his experience with Lord Ida The mumble of a stream sounded to me like the voice of the water soul, and each time a fox woofed or an owl hooted I came alert, my heartbeat dashing. This exemplification is utilized to depict Takeo's view of sounds around evening time while he attempts to rest however cruelly bombs because of the numerous sounds he's accomplishing at the same time. They don't permit him to center, the littlest of murmurs shock him up, denying him to rest or enjoy a reprieve. This makes Takeo anxious, for he had never known about such thing yet didn't talk on it so others wouldnt consider him as insane or a failure to Lord Otori. He previously owed him enough and couldn't chance the opportunity of humiliating his rescuer over silly presumptions. In view of this he decides to remain quiet about it and keep up his conduct at its best close by Lord Otori. Lian Hearn additionally utilizes Metaphors to portray the connection among Takeo and Lord Otori, the character thinks about the circumstance to that of a Heron chasing for fish Otori Shigeru was the heron, and I was the small wriggling thing he had gathered up, diving down the mountain into my reality and plunging endlessly again through this allegory the character clarifies how Otori ensured him, encouraged him without requesting anything besides thankfulness, diving him away from all that he has ever known into an abnormal world he still can't seem to get familiar with. Everything happens rapidly like heron's go after their fish,

Freedom of Speech and Media

The right to speak freely of Speech and Media The ability to speak freely is characterized as the privilege of an individual to communicate contemplations, thoughts, and genuine beliefs through an ideal media with no limitations except if limitation is important, for example, where practicing the privilege encroaches upon the privileges of others or where national security is at danger. Support for the right to speak freely of discourse has taken a very long time of soldiering on out of sight of constraint by tyrant systems, finishing in the UN General Assembly reception of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. Hesiod composes a philosophical work testing some strict issues in 700 BC. Cleisthenes presents the Isegoria in the Greek political chambers in 508 BC. Socrates is attempted and condemned to death by an Athenian jury in 399 BC. John Milton composes the Areopagitica in 1644, which firmly talked against limitations of opportunity of the press in England. The UN General Assembly embraces the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. The right to speak freely of Speech and the Mass Media are indivisible. Worldwide human rights archives layout Freedom of Speech as including: the opportunity of thought, and opportunity to look for, gain, and give thoughts and data through any picked media. The broad communications, having the job of covering occasions, assembling and spreading data, and controlling state authority exercises needs to practice duty in doing its obligations. Journalistic spin is an issue influencing opportunity to data which is a segment some portion of the right to speak freely of discourse. The western predominant press has been blamed for giving one-sided gives an account of the Israeli/Palestinian clash. Oversight of Media is important. The ICCPR distinguishes two key territories where limitations must be authorized on the ability to speak freely as: regard to the privileges of others and assurance of national security or open request or ethics. The Rwanda massacre of 1994 is a case of unlimited media. The right to speak freely of discourse in Kenya has step by step advanced through vivacious support from extraordinary suppression in the first around three decades since its autonomy to satisfactory measures as contained in universal human rights archives. Remote and neighborhood press especially in the Moi system, occasionally experienced restriction as ejection from the nation, confinement of columnists and seizure of production. Parliamentary discussions were confined with specific subjects, for example, casting a ballot methodology nearly being prohibited by the official after the overthrow endeavor of August 1982. Portage Kenya Chairman Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in 1992, tested in the High Court, the uncalled for advantage that the occupant was accepting over different gatherings in the state claimed Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC). The media demonstration was authorized in 2007, which set more limitations on the media. The Waki report which features key issues to be executed so as to dodge a redundancy of the post political decision viciousness, gives no exceptional location to the media. Support for the right to speak freely of discourse has been a long chronicled battle on the planet including torment and carnage and ought to be maintained and safeguarded no matter what. Broad communications and the Freedom of Speech The right to speak freely of discourse is one of the fundamental human rights normally contained in global human rights records. Additionally alluded to as opportunity of articulation, it is a significant component of a law based society. Correctly, the opposite side to opportunity of articulation is opportunity to data, which makes it workable for individuals to settle on educated choices about their lives. The Freedom of Speech as a human right conveys with it duty and is hence practiced inside specific limitations enforceable through Mass Media. The ability to speak freely can be characterized as the privilege of an individual to communicate considerations, thoughts, and sincere beliefs through an ideal media with no limitations except if limitation is vital, for example, where practicing the privilege encroaches upon the privileges of others or where national security is at danger. Since the beginning, man has looked to practice the right to speak freely of discourse inside his social residence. The most punctual idea goes back to around 700 BC in Ancient Greece, where matters of discourse opportunity at that point, were near the heart than some other spot on earth. Hesiod, a non-minister, composed a philosophical work testing some strict issues. This was in resistance of the standard on the grounds that such issues were just tended to by those in high status (Allsop, Quadrant Online: The Difficult History of Free Speech). An authentic milestone in the battle for the right to speak freely of discourse is the 508 BC presentation of the Isegoria, which means Free Speech, by Cleisthenes in the Greek political chambers. (Allsop, Quadrant Online: The Difficult History of Free Speech) This likely established the framework for Freedom of Speech in Athens and furthermore the entire world since it was the first run through laws on free discourse were officially perceived by a majority rule government. Socrates preliminary and passing in 399 BC viably denoted the demise of the isegoria in light of the fact that for the following around 2000 years the right to speak freely of discourse declined. Socrates should be viewed as the saint and father of the right to speak freely of discourse since he resistant represented what he accepted even with the alternative of opportunity on the off chance that he changed his stand (Owens). For quite a long time after his demise, his lessons and beliefs stayed in the hearts of d efenders of free discourse after him. The resurrection of free discourse 1500 after Socrates in England had such a great amount to consider Socrates philosophy. John Miltons acclaimed handout written in 1644, Areopagitica, which talked broadly against limitations of opportunity of the press had Greek impact, even its naming was after a slope in Athens the site of courts in old Greece. (Allsop, Quadrant Online: The Difficult History of Free Speech). The battle for discourse opportunity finished in the UN general get together reception of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. Article 19 of the UDHR is certain that the right to speak freely of discourse and conclusion is a human right, which incorporates opportunity of thought, opportunity to look for, procure and give thoughts and data through any picked media. (Youthmedia:What is the Role of Speech in a Democratic Society) Other universal records, for example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) additionally express comparative statutes. To have the option to transmit and get data, individuals need to get to broad communications. In some random express, the job of broad communications is essential to the point that it is ordinarily considered as the fourth arm of government. The broad communications covers occasions, assembles and spreads data and controls exercises of state specialists (Youthmedia:What is the Role of Speech in a Democratic Society). Being a free area, the broad communications has the ability to impact society either well or ruinously. It along these lines mu st be mindful and exact in its dispersal of data. The media is once in a while not precise. The western predominant press, for instance, has been blamed for giving one-sided provides details regarding the Israeli/Palestinian clash, where the columnists use language that impacts the perusers to support Israeli assaults and de-taste Palestinian hostility (Walsh). The way that a journalist is probably going to take sides when covering especially emotive issue makes one wonder whether we can get absolutely un-one-sided revealing from them. Such sort of inclination is hard to control and individuals may simply need to live with it. Open and clear inclination, then again, may build up its own control by the female horse certainty that the peruser has remembered it, in this manner abstaining from being affected by it. Oversight of Media is vital. The general public should be shielded from data which is ethically off-base, an encroachment on the privileges of others, or a danger to national security. The ICCPR distinguishes two key regions where limitations must be authorized on the ability to speak freely. These are regard to the privileges of others, and assurance of national security or open request or ethics (Youthmedia:What is the Role of Speech in a Democratic Society). The Rwanda decimation of 1994 is a case of unhindered radio use. Thompson (43) puts it plainly that radio assumed a focal job in the development, during and after the decimation. Kenyas media appreciates opportunity under the new constitution declared in 2010, Chapter 4 of the constitution contains a broad bill of rights worked around the principles of the UDHR and other worldwide archives (Lwanga). Low minutes in Kenyas majority rule rights were from the countrys indepence in 1963 to the mid-Moi system around three decades back. As Cited by Gathu(7), Widner says that outside and neighborhood press especially in the Moi system, occasionally experienced restriction as ejection from the nation, detainment of columnists and reallocation of distribution. Parliamentary discussions were limited as specific points, for example, casting a ballot methodology were nearly restricted by the official after the overthrow endeavor of August 1982. Such restraints were carried on until the start of multi-party legislative issues in December 1991 where new resistance powers were sanctioned and they squeezed for more opportunity of articulation. The week by week audit, for inst ance, calls attention to that the then Ford-Kenya Chairman Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in 1992, tested in the High Court, the unreasonable preferred position that the occupant was accepting over different gatherings in the state possessed Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (qtd. In Gathu 7). The recently discovered discourse opportunity in Kenya later started displaying induction issues. For example, the approach the 2005 submission on the constitution was defaced with political impelling. This prompted the authorization of the media demonstration in 2007, which set more limitations on the media (Lwanga). Despite the fact that Certain telecasters were blamed for utilizing the media to instigate individuals preceding the 2008 post political decision brutality in Kenya, the Waki report which features key issues to be actualized so as to keep away from a r

Intercultural Marriage Is Not Just A Union Between Two...

In addition to these basic problems, another major issue ascends about religion. Intercultural marriage is not just a union between two cultures, but also of two religions. Many a times, marriages face a breakup or divorce just because the two are not able to unite in terms of their respective religions. In such a situation, one partner either endure their own religion or change their preferences for the other. But, then they might have quarrels on religious matters when it comes to family or for deciding one religion for their children. Like in the above case, Stella is a Christian and Omar is a Muslim. It was very difficult for both of them to perform rituals of each other’s religion during the matrimony and later as well. Moreover, financial distribution at times become a problem when two people from different cultures decide to marry and have children. Usually, it is not a major issue but in some cases money becomes a reason of dispute. During the course of study, several aspects of cultures in certain countries came forward in which daughters are not considered during financial distribution of parental property. Like for example, in most African countries, in some cultures girl child is not preferred over boy child and therefore during distribution of ancestral property married daughters are not given any share. It can hence generate disputes in between a couple or between the guy from the other culture/country and girl’s family (African). Based on all of the problemsShow MoreRelatedCross Culture Of Cross Cultural Marriage1299 Words   |  6 PagesCross-cultural marriage is a marriage composed of two culturally diverse individual who independently posses distinct national cultures. Cheung (2 005) stated that it is generally accepted in long-term marriage literature that the five â€Å"C† are important elements that contribute to long-term marital satisfaction. The five Cs are commitment, caring, communication, conflict and compromise, and contract which refers to the marital partners’ implicit and explicit expectations of each other and their marriages. NowadaysRead MoreIntercultural Studies : Intercultural Relationships, Racial, Class Level, Religious, And National Identity Essay1834 Words   |  8 Pagessaid that the intercultural couple faces issues relating their ethnic, racial, class level, religious, and national identity, which are the underlying roots of the culture barriers. The author has also said that in addition, the intercultural couple faces a much more complicated issues as each person in the marriage have their own distinct expectation and understanding on culture. In addition, Ting-Toomey and Oetzel (2001), has stated that the most clear ly visible element an intercultural couple bringsRead MoreMulticulturalism And Its Impact On Society1585 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Takaki and Rattansi, Multiculturalism was a concept that played a vital role in how cultures assembled together in celebration of cultural diversity and pluralism to redress the inequalities all throughout the world. Through the readings, it is easy to identify that multiculturalism made a daily impact on people. The most critical social groups such as race, gender, religion, sexuality, nationality, and disability face the most constraint and enmity on social identity and opportunityRead MoreEqual Engagement: In Marriage and Between Cultures Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice illuminates a social courtship between the proud Mister Fitzwilliam Darcy and the shrewd, unconventional Miss Elizabeth Bennet. Elizabeth is proud of her own identity. She astutely justifies herself as â€Å"a gentleman’s dau ghter† (Austen 337) in her confrontation with the prejudiced and class-conscious Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Mister Fitzwilliam Darcy, who shares Elizabeth’s sharp tongue, comes from a family of high social status; his privileged upbringing instilledRead MoreInterracial Marriage3821 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction An interracial marriage is a marriage between members of different races, known as as Mixed marriage: marriage of two people from different races or different religions or different cultures. Miscegenation: reproduction by parents of different races (especially by white and non-white persons). Exogamy: marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your own as required by custom or law. Multiracial: made up of or involving or acting on behalf of various races, and Biracial:Read MoreSocietal Intolerance of Interracial Relationships2000 Words   |  8 PagesSocietal intolerance of interracial relationships. Societal intolerance of interracial relationships can contribute to stressors for the partners. Some segments of society still view such unions as something of an anomaly that does not readily fit into the racial stratification system. Such ambivalence in society creates a similar ambivalence for the inter- racial couple themselves, because those beliefs could be int ernalized (Motoyoshi, 1990). According to Pope (1986), interracial couples, and especiallyRead More Family Values and Structures in the Middle East Essay2848 Words   |  12 Pagesscared that your little sibling took over while you were gone, and you will have to resolve this in a civil manner. Or, it could be that you are really looking forward to the mashed potatoes that mom is going to make, just the right way. In our circumstance, however, it is likely that you just cant wait to get home and wash your clothes thoroughly.for free! Chances are that you have thought about your family, and are excited to get back. Whatever it is that you think about when you think of your familyRead MoreMexican vs Usa Culture2579 Words   |  11 PagesCollazo SOCI 200 10/10/2011 Abstract This paper is on the difference of the Mexican culture compared to the culture of the United States of America. We look into four sources of reference in our conclusion. The biggest questions we must ask ourselves is What is the impact this country is making on the U.S and vice versa? and â€Å"Is our policy a direct result of Mexico s policy, citizens, actions, or and culture?† We are going to look at the history, ethics, education, family and government of MexicoRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pages In addition, man’s activities on the globe are all located under these sectors. Culture, as a way of living of man, is identified by every one immediately after birth and was often seen as distinct from one another. 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Management and People free essay sample

There are various ways of describing management, so in this assignment the different definitions of management would be discussed and we would also see how most of the definitions are similar, along with their functions. We should consider management look at why management is very relevant. We should see how the various views of these management theorists are similar and also if they contrast. Management, as defined, â€Å"is the activity of getting things done with the aid of people and other resources efficiently and effectively, it is a feature of most human circumstances; domestic, social and political, as well as in formally established organisations†(David Boddy, 2008, ps. 10). We human beings perform different activities everyday such as; eating, drinking, playing and they are related to management etc. According to Mary Parket Follet, â€Å"Management is the act of getting things done through people. So management is an activity because a manager accomplishes his task or objective with the help of others and also directs these people in order to obtain his objective, so management achieves its objectives through people, so management is quite useful to people. In management there are various activities that are carried out. These include informational activities, decisional activities and inter-personal activities and all these activities are to be done by a manager. Management endeavours are done to encourage individual activities that will help accomplish all goals. Thus, managers must always keep organisational goals in thought. â€Å"Management is also the process of reaching organisational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources†. (Samuel. c. Certo, eight editions, and p. s6) this definition is quite the similar to the first two definitions. They both say that management has to do with achieving its goals through the aid of people and resources, that’s to say, that, every type of human organisation requires the process of management which helps to make human daily efforts productive. Management is a globally known. It is also a very widely used term. It’s used in all organisations; political, cultural or social organisation. All these organisations are involved in management because management aids and guides the various processes required to achieve a purpose. It can also be said that â€Å"management is both a universal human activity and a distinct occupation†. (David boddy, 2008, p. s9). Management as a human activity occurs when human beings decide to take responsibility and do their best to format the progress and result of an activity. When people manage their work, they take responsibility of everything in that organisation and make sure that they achieve their purpose and that it has a positive outcome, thus â€Å"Management is an expression of human agency, the capacity actively to shape and direct the world, rather than simply react to it†. (Hales, 2001, p. s2). Management concept is universal and very old. That’s why there are different views expressed by writers and theorist about the nature of management. But the continuous development of management principles has changed the nature of management. Most people consider management as being only an art but management is also a science. it is the art of making people more operative and active than they would have being without it. According to Harold Knootz, â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through and with the aid of people in formally organised groups†. Management is considered an art rather than a science mainly because the skills of management are more of a personal possession and is intuitive. Management is also a science in the sense of how it is done. Just as how science is a systematized body of knowledge which is based on adequate observation and findings and this findings apply safely in all situations. In this sense, management is a science as it has also developed some systematized knowledge, but management is not as exact in science as other physical sciences such as; physics, biology, chemistry etc. but just as other sciences, management has also developed certain laws and principles which are applicable anywhere the efforts of people are monitored. Management is more of a social science and not of just a science, it deals with the people and it is not so easy to predict human behaviour accurately. Thus, management is not just an art; it has elements of both art and science. So it is both, an art and science. Management is a planned activity. It is the organisation and co-ordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve specific objectives. It is something that directs group efforts towards the attainment of certain pre determined goals. It is the process of working through others to effectively achieve the goals of the organization, by efficiently using resources that are limited in the changing world. Of course, these goals may vary from one enterprise to another. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, money and materials. It is the management which puts these factors of production into reasonable use. Therefore, it is one of the important responsibilities of management; to create such condition which is conducive to maximum efforts so that people would be able to perform their task efficiently and effectively. It includes ensuring the availability of raw materials, determination of wages and salaries, formulation of rules amp; regulations etc. Management is also an art of creating an internal environment, in which people can perform and individuals can also co-operate with them in order to attain a group of goals. Management can be of different sizes, ranging from one person to a small organisation with a lot of people or probably it could also comprise hundreds or thousands of managers in a large company or multinational companies. According to Fw. Taylor, â€Å"Management is an art of knowing what to do and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way†. This is therefore saying that in management you have to know what is meant to be done and not just to know what should be done but should also be able to do it efficiently. â€Å"The term management can also refer to the individuals who guide and direct organisations or to a career devoted to the task of guiding and directing organisations†. (Samuel. C. Certo, eight editions, p. s6). According to management guru, Peter Drucker (1909-2005), â€Å"The basic task of management includes both marketing and innovation. Innovation â€Å"Is the use of new technological and market knowledge to offer a new product or service that customers will want†. (Allan Afuah, second edition, p. s4). Innovation is part of management because as defined, it has to do with the use of new technology and market knowledge in order to produce new products that would be desirable to customers. Therefore with innovation, managers can be able to achieve their goals. Management consists of the interlocking functions or activities of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organisation’s resources in order to achieve its required objectives. Management is the process of giving an order to the activities of planning, influencing, controlling and organising that are performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources. And this activities or functions are what make up management. They are also the key tasks that are to be done by a manager. Management is being defined differently, each management theorists have their personal view on management and interpret it on their findings, such as Henri Fayol, Harold koontz, Mary Parket Follet, Peter Drucker and Mintzberg. But management is majorly defined as an art of getting things done through people to achieve an objective. Harold Koontz and Mary Parket Follet had the same view on this, they both defined management as an art of getting things done. While Henri Fayol and mintzberg views are quite similar but are also different. They both described a manager’s job the same way, according to Henri Fayol, â€Å"To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate, and to control†. He views management in terms of its functions, what managers have to do in order to achieve their objectives. Mintzberg also says that in order for a manager to be able to achieve his objectives, he has to be able to lead and communicate well. Fayol and mintzberg’s theory are only similar in the sense that there must be leadership in management in other to achieve their goals, but there are still some extra skills that can help with leadership. Mintzberg viewed organisations as an ‘open’ system, so they would consider both the internal and external factors of management, while Fayol saw organisation as a ‘close’ system, he concentrated on the internal factors of management. In conclusion, we can see that management is a very universal phenomenon; it is well known and done where so ever people’s efforts are co-ordinated. And that management is seen to be done by managers and these managers should be able to lead the people that are under them and should be able to control, co-ordinate, command, and organise others in order to achieve their objective.

Sensory Details Essays - Transport, Land Transport, Economy Of Japan

Sensory Details Original sentence: The car landed awkwardly, causing it to roll. New sentence: The small sedan landed sideways with enough momentum to flip it many times over, completely crushing the cabin and likely everything inside. New paragraph: John was on his daily commute to work in his Ford F-350, listening to classical music, jamming out on the interstate when he noticed something out of the ordinary. A tiny white toyota about 50 meters ahead of him began making very strange movements, swerving from side to side and nearly taking out the car in the adjacent lane. This swerving continued for some time, when suddenly the small sedan slammed into the guardrail soaring high above the median and into the opposing lanes. The car landed sideways with enough momentum to flip it many times over, completely crushing the cabin and likely everything inside. John immediately crossed the grassy area between the opposite lanes of the highway to do whatever he could to help, and as he put his truck in park he jumped out and ran to the scene of the crash, crossing over the highway. As he ran he noticed some movement inside what was left of the toyota. A little girl stumbled out of the car, having miraculously survived the wild crash. "H uh...I don't think she has her license." John thought to himself.

Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells Essays

Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells Essays Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells and bull frog sympathetic ganglion cells PHM499 Research Project Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells and bull frog sympathetic ganglion cells ABSTRACT The intracellular calcium level and the calcium efflux of the bull-frog sympathetic ganglion cells (BSG) and the SF-9 lepidopteran ovarian cells were investigated using a calcium-sensitive fluorescence probe fura-2. It was found that the intracellular calcium levels were 58.2 and 44.7 nM for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells respectively. The calcium effluxes following zero calcium solution were 2.02 and 1.33 fmolecm-2s-1 for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells. The calcium effluxes following sodium orthovanadate (Na2VO4) in zero calcium solution were 6.00 and 0.80 fmolecm-2s-1 for the BSG cells and the SF-9 cells. The SF-9 cells also lost the ability to extrude intracellular calcium after 2-3 applications of Na2VO4 while the BSG cells showed no apparent lost of calcium extruding abilities for up to 4 applications of Na2VO4. INTRODUCTION Spodoptera frugiperda clone 9 (SF-9) cells are a cultured insect cell line derived from the butterfly ovarian tissue. SF-9 cells are used by molecular biologists for the studies of gene expression and protein processing (Luckow and Summers, 1988). However, there is not much known about these cells' basic biophysiology. Since calcium is involved in many cells' activities such as acting as a secondary messenger, it is important for cells to control their intracellular calcium level. This study was aimed toward looking at the some of the basic properties of the SF-9 cells such as resting calcium concentration and rate of calcium extrusion after being calcium level being raised by an ionophore 4-bromo-A23187. The effect of sodium orthovanadate (an active transport inhibitor) on calcium extrusion was also looked at. Microspectrofluorescence techniques and the calcium-sensitive probe fura-2 were used to measure the intracellular calcium concentration of these cells. In addition, the BSG ce lls were used to compare with the SF-9 cells for the parameters that were studied. It was found that the SF-9 cells appeared to have a calcium concentration similar to the BSG cells. Moreover, the calcium extrusion rates of both cell types with no Na2VO4 added seemed to the same. However, due to insufficient data, the effects of Na2VO4 could not be statistically analyzed. From the data available, it suggested that the BSG cells' rate of calcium extrusion was enhanced by the Na2VO4 and was greater than the SF-9 cells. It was more important to note that the calcium extruding capabilities of the SF-9 cell seemed to impaired after two to three applications of Na2VO4 but it had apparent effects on the BSG cells even up to 4 applications. After obtaining these basic parameters, many questions raised such as how does the SF-9 cells extrude their calcium and why the Na2VO4 affected the calcium efflux for the SF-9 cells but not the BSG cells? The SF-9 cells may have a calcium pump or exchanger to extrude their calcium and they may be very sensitive to the ATP (adenosine 3'-triphosphate) supply. This was apparently different from the BSG cells' since their calcium extrusion were not affected by the Na2VO4.. It may be useful to find the mechanism(s) of the actions of Na2VO4 on the SF-9 cells because it may find possible applications in agriculture such as pest control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and solutions 4-bromo-A23187 and Fura-2/AM were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Na2VO4 was purchased from Alomone Lab (Jerusalem, Israel). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from J. T. Baker Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ). All other reagents were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The normal Ringer's solution (NRS) contained (mM): 125 NaCl, 5.0 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.0 MgSO4, 10.0 glucose, 10.0 N-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES). The calcium free Ringer solution (0CaNRS) is the same as the NRS except CaCl2 was substituted with 2.0 mM ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoehtyl) ether N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Fura-2/AM solution was prepared as follows: a stock solution of 1mM fura-2/AM in DMSO was diluted 1:500 in NRS containing 2% bovine albumin. It was then sonicated for 10 minutes. It was then kept frozen until the day of the experiment. 20 SYMBOL 109 f "Symbol"M 4-bromo-A23187 solution was prepared by diluting a stock of 5mM 4-bromo-A23187 in DMSO 1:250 with NRS. Na2VO4 solution (VO4NRS) contained 100 SYMBOL 109 f "Symbol"M. Na2VO4 in 0CaNRS. All experiments were